Germination chart: time, temperature and seed depth
How deep seeds go into the soil, from which temperature they germinate and how long it takes until they come up.
| Plant | Sowing depth | Germinates from | Best at | Germination time | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruiting vegetables · 10 | |||||
| Aubergine (eggplant) | 0.5 cm (¼ in) | 21 °C (70 °F) | – | 7–14 days | Penn State Extension · RHS · Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720 |
| Cape gooseberry | – | – | – | – | – |
| Chilli pepper | 0.5 cm (¼ in) | – | 21 °C (70 °F) | 10–20 days | NMSU Guide H-240 · RHS · ProSpecieRara |
| Cucumber | 3 cm (1¼ in) | – | 20–24 °C (68–75 °F) | 5–10 days | Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG) · Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR) · USU Extension |
| Melon | 1.5 cm (½ in) | – | 23–25 °C (73–77 °F) | 3–12 days | RHS · Sächsische Gartenakademie (LfULG) · Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720 |
| Pumpkin and winter squash | 2.5–5 cm (1–2 in) | – | 18–21 °C (64–70 °F) | 6–10 days | USU Extension · RHS · Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720 |
| Sweet pepper | 1.5 cm (½ in) | – | 20–24 °C (68–75 °F) | 10–20 days | USU Extension · Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR) · Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720 |
| Sweetcorn | 2.5 cm (1 in) | – | 18–25 °C (64–77 °F) | 10–16 days | USU Extension · Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR) |
| Tomato | 1.5 cm (½ in) | – | 20–24 °C (68–75 °F) | 6–14 days | USU Extension · Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR) · Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720 |
| Zucchini (courgette) | 2.5 cm (1 in) | 18 °C (64 °F) | 25 °C (77 °F) | 3–12 days | RHS · Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR Rheinpfalz) · Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720 |
| Beans and peas · 6 | |||||
| Broad bean (fava bean) | 5–10 cm (2–4 in) | 6 °C (43 °F) | 15–20 °C (59–68 °F) | 8–14 days | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · ProSpecieRara |
| Bush bean | 2–3 cm (¾–1¼ in) | 10 °C (50 °F) | – | 7–10 days | Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG) · Utah State University Extension |
| Pea | 5 cm (2 in) | 10 °C (50 °F) | – | 7–10 days | Sächsische Gartenakademie (LfULG) · RHS · USU Extension |
| Pole bean | 5 cm (2 in) | 16 °C (60 °F) | – | 7–10 days | RHS · Utah State University Extension |
| Runner bean | 5 cm (2 in) | 12 °C (54 °F) | – | 4–7 days | RHS · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Sugar snap and snow pea | 5 cm (2 in) | 4 °C (40 °F) | – | 7–10 days | RHS · University of Maryland Extension · USU Extension |
| Cabbages and turnips · 12 | |||||
| Broccoli | 0.5–1.5 cm (¼–½ in) | 4 °C (40 °F) | 27 °C (80 °F) | 3–10 days | USU Extension · Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720 |
| Brussels sprouts | 0.5–1 cm (¼–½ in) | 8 °C (46 °F) | 18–22 °C (64–72 °F) | 6–12 days | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · ProSpecieRara |
| Cauliflower | 1.5 cm (½ in) | 4 °C (40 °F) | 27 °C (80 °F) | 3–10 days | RHS · Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720 |
| Chinese cabbage | 1 cm (½ in) | – | – | 1–2 weeks | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · RHS |
| Kale | 1 cm (½ in) | 3 °C (37 °F) | 18–22 °C (64–72 °F) | 6–12 days | RHS · ProSpecieRara |
| Kohlrabi | 0.5–1 cm (¼–½ in) | 4 °C (40 °F) | 27 °C (80 °F) | 3–10 days | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720 |
| Pak choi | 2 cm (¾ in) | – | 18–22 °C (64–72 °F) | 6–10 days | RHS · Bayerische Landesanstalt für Weinbau und Gartenbau (LWG) |
| Red cabbage | 0.5–1.5 cm (¼–½ in) | 8 °C (46 °F) | 18–22 °C (64–72 °F) | 6–12 days | USU Extension · ProSpecieRara |
| Savoy cabbage | 0.5–1 cm (¼–½ in) | 8 °C (46 °F) | 18–22 °C (64–72 °F) | 6–12 days | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · ProSpecieRara |
| Swede (rutabaga) | 1 cm (½ in) | – | – | – | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) |
| Turnip | 1 cm (½ in) | 4 °C (40 °F) | 16–29 °C (60–85 °F) | 7–10 days | RHS · Utah State University Extension |
| White cabbage | 2 cm (¾ in) | 8 °C (46 °F) | 18–22 °C (64–72 °F) | 6–12 days | RHS · ProSpecieRara |
| Roots and tubers · 10 | |||||
| Beetroot | 2–3 cm (¾–1¼ in) | – | 15–20 °C (59–68 °F) | 14–21 days | LWG Veitshöchheim |
| Black salsify | 2–3 cm (¾–1¼ in) | 3 °C (37 °F) | 15–25 °C (59–77 °F) | 10–12 days | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · ProSpecieRara |
| Carrot | 2 cm (¾ in) | 4 °C (40 °F) | 13–18 °C (55–65 °F) | 14–21 days | Sächsische Gartenakademie (LfULG) · USU Extension |
| Celeriac | do not cover (needs light) | 18 °C (64 °F) | 22–30 °C (72–86 °F) | 2–3 weeks | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · ProSpecieRara · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Hamburg parsley | 1–2 cm (½–¾ in) | 3 °C (37 °F) | 18–25 °C (64–77 °F) | 15–25 days | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · ProSpecieRara |
| Parsnip | 2 cm (¾ in) | 4 °C (40 °F) | 13–18 °C (55–65 °F) | 14–21 days | Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG) · USU Extension |
| Potato | – | – | – | – | – |
| Radish | 1–1.5 cm (½ in) | 4 °C (40 °F) | 13–24 °C (55–75 °F) | 5–10 days | Sächsische Gartenakademie (LfULG) · USU Extension |
| Sweet potato | – | – | – | – | – |
| Winter radish (daikon) | 1–2 cm (½–¾ in) | 8 °C (46 °F) | 18–25 °C (64–77 °F) | 6–12 days | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · ProSpecieRara |
| Onions and leeks · 5 | |||||
| Garlic | – | – | – | – | – |
| Leek | 1.5 cm (½ in) | – | 20–22 °C (68–72 °F) | 7–12 days | RHS · Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen · Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720 |
| Onion | 2–3 cm (¾–1¼ in) | 2 °C (35 °F) | 27 °C (80 °F) | 2–3 weeks | Sächsische Gartenakademie (LfULG) · Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720 · Utah State University Extension |
| Shallot | 1.5 cm (½ in) | – | – | 10–14 days | RHS · USU Extension |
| Spring onion (scallion) | 0.5–1.5 cm (¼–½ in) | 2 °C (35 °F) | 27 °C (80 °F) | 7–12 days | University of Maryland Extension · Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720 |
| Salads and leafy greens · 12 | |||||
| Butterhead lettuce | 1 cm (½ in) | – | 18 °C (64 °F) | 7–14 days | RHS · Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG) · ProSpecieRara |
| Celery | do not cover (needs light) | 18 °C (64 °F) | 22–30 °C (72–86 °F) | 2–3 weeks | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · ProSpecieRara · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Endive | 1 cm (½ in) | 15 °C (59 °F) | 20–22 °C (68–72 °F) | – | RHS |
| Florence fennel | 1–2 cm (½–¾ in) | 10 °C (50 °F) | – | 7–10 days | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · USU Extension |
| Garden cress | do not cover (needs light) | 5 °C (41 °F) | 15–20 °C (59–68 °F) | – | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · Bingenheimer Saatgut Blog |
| Iceberg lettuce | 1 cm (½ in) | 4 °C (40 °F) | 13–18 °C (55–65 °F) | 7–10 days | RHS · USU Extension |
| Lamb’s lettuce (corn salad) | 1 cm (½ in) | 5 °C (41 °F) | 15–18 °C (59–64 °F) | 8–14 days | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · ProSpecieRara |
| Loose-leaf lettuce | 1–2 cm (½–¾ in) | 4 °C (40 °F) | 13–18 °C (55–65 °F) | 7–10 days | LfULG Sachsen · USU Extension |
| Radicchio | 0.5 cm (¼ in) | – | 18–21 °C (65–70 °F) | – | USU Extension |
| Rocket (arugula) | no deeper than 0.5 cm (¼ in) | – | – | 5–7 days | Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG) · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Spinach | 2.5 cm (1 in) | 4 °C (40 °F) | 13–18 °C (55–65 °F) | 7–10 days | RHS · USU Extension |
| Swiss chard | 2–3 cm (¾–1¼ in) | – | 15–20 °C (59–68 °F) | 10–14 days | Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG) · LWG Veitshöchheim |
| Herbs · 15 | |||||
| Basil | barely cover (needs light) | 12 °C (54 °F) | – | 14–20 days | Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG), Merkblatt 2151 |
| Borage | 1 cm (½ in) | – | – | 7–14 days | Bingenheimer Saatgut Blog · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Chervil | barely cover (needs light) | – | – | 15–20 days | Bingenheimer Saatgut Blog |
| Chives | 2 cm (¾ in) | – | 15–18 °C (59–64 °F) | 14 days | DLR Rheinland-Pfalz (K. Mahler) · Bingenheimer Saatgut Blog |
| Coriander (cilantro) | 1–2 cm (½–¾ in) | – | 18–21 °C (64–70 °F) | up to 25 days | Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR) · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Dill | 2–3 cm (¾–1¼ in) | – | – | 2–3 weeks | DLR Rheinland-Pfalz |
| Lavender | 0.5 cm (⅛ in) | – | 21 °C (70 °F) | 14–21 days | Utah State University Extension |
| Lemon balm | 1 cm (½ in) | – | 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) | up to 3 weeks | Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft (LfL) · RHS |
| Mint | do not cover (needs light) | – | 20 °C (68 °F) | 10–14 days | RHS · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Oregano | do not cover (needs light) | – | 20 °C (68 °F) | 7–14 days | RHS · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Parsley | 1 cm (½ in) | – | 18–21 °C (64–70 °F) | 4–5 weeks | Bingenheimer Saatgut Blog · Johnny's Selected Seeds · Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR) |
| Rosemary | barely cover (needs light) | – | 18–21 °C (64–70 °F) | 14–21 days | Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Sage | 0.5 cm (¼ in) | – | 18–21 °C (64–70 °F) | 2 weeks | Johnny's Selected Seeds · RHS |
| Summer savory | barely cover (needs light) | – | 20 °C (68 °F) | 7–14 days | Illinois Extension, Herb Gardening · RHS · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Thyme | do not cover (needs light) | – | 15–20 °C (59–68 °F) | 14–21 days | RHS · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Flowers · 5 | |||||
| French marigold (tagetes) | – | – | 24–27 °C (75–80 °F) | 4–7 days | Mississippi State University Extension |
| Nasturtium | 1 cm (½ in) | – | 16–18 °C (61–64 °F) | 7–14 days | Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG) · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Pot marigold (calendula) | no deeper than 2 cm (¾ in) | 16 °C (60 °F) | – | 5–15 days | Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR) · Utah State University Extension · UW–Madison Extension Horticulture |
| Sunflower | 2–3 cm (¾–1¼ in) | – | 15–20 °C (59–68 °F) | 10–14 days | Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR) |
| Sweet alyssum | barely cover (needs light) | – | 18–21 °C (64–70 °F) | 8–10 days | UW–Madison Extension · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| Green manure · 4 | |||||
| Buckwheat | 3–4 cm (1¼–1½ in) | – | – | 3–5 days | Sächsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft · SARE, Managing Cover Crops Profitably |
| Oilseed radish | 1–2 cm (½–¾ in) | 7 °C (45 °F) | – | – | Sächsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft · SARE |
| Phacelia | 1–2 cm (½–¾ in) | – | 13–20 °C (55–68 °F) | 7–14 days | Sächsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft · Johnny's Selected Seeds |
| White mustard | no deeper than 3 cm (1¼ in) | 7 °C (45 °F) | – | – | Sächsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft · SARE |
| Perennials · 6 | |||||
| Asparagus | 2.5 cm (1 in) | – | 13–16 °C (55–61 °F) | – | RHS |
| Globe artichoke | 2 cm (¾ in) | – | 18–22 °C (64–72 °F) | 15–20 days | RHS · Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR) · LWG Veitshöchheim |
| Horseradish | – | – | – | – | – |
| Jerusalem artichoke | – | – | – | – | – |
| Rhubarb | 2.5 cm (1 in) | – | – | – | RHS |
| Strawberry | – | – | – | – | – |
“Germinates from” is the lowest soil or compost temperature at which the source says seeds germinate or can be sown. German and UK sources give centimetres and °C, US sources inches and °F. We convert and round: inches to 0.5 cm, °F to whole °C, and show both. “–” means our sources give no value for it.
Rule of thumb for sowing depth
- Sow about two to three times as deep as the seed is wide. (Cornell Garden-Based Learning)
- Fine seeds are sown shallow. (Sächsische Gartenakademie (LfULG))
Questions and answers
What temperature does tomato seed need to germinate?
Best at 20–24 °C (68–75 °F), according to Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR).
What temperature does bush bean seed need to germinate?
From 10 °C (50 °F), according to Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG).
What temperature does cucumber seed need to germinate?
Best at 20–24 °C (68–75 °F), according to Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR).
How long does it take carrots to germinate?
14–21 days, according to USU Extension.
How long does it take lamb’s lettuce to germinate?
8–14 days, according to ProSpecieRara.
How long does it take spinach to germinate?
7–10 days, according to USU Extension.
How long does it take parsley to germinate?
4–5 weeks, according to Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR).
How deep should you sow seeds?
Sow about two to three times as deep as the seed is wide (Cornell Garden-Based Learning). Fine seeds are sown shallow (Sächsische Gartenakademie (LfULG)). If the seed packet gives a depth, follow that.
Which seeds need light to germinate?
Seeds that need light to germinate are only pressed in or covered very thinly. In our sources: celeriac, garden cress, celery, chervil, basil, summer savory, thyme, oregano, mint, rosemary and sweet alyssum.
Which seeds germinate in cool soil?
From 5 °C (41 °F) or less, according to our sources: sugar snap and snow pea, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, kohlrabi, turnip, radish, carrot, parsnip, Hamburg parsley, black salsify, onion, spring onion (scallion), loose-leaf lettuce, iceberg lettuce, lamb’s lettuce (corn salad), garden cress and spinach.
Sources
Show 121 sources
- USU Extension: How to Grow Tomatoes in Your Garden
- USU Extension: How to Grow Peppers in Your Garden
- NMSU Guide H-240: Growing Chile Peppers in New Mexico Gardens
- Penn State Extension: Eggplant in the Garden and the Kitchen
- Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG): Gurkenanbau im Freiland, Infoschrift 2165
- RHS: How to grow courgettes
- USU Extension: How to Grow Pumpkins in Your Garden
- RHS: How to grow melons
- USU Extension: How to Grow Sweet Corn in Your Garden
- Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG): Buschbohnen (Phaseolus vulgaris) (Infoschrift 2177)
- RHS: How to grow French beans
- RHS: How to grow runner beans
- Sächsische Gartenakademie (LfULG): Anbau von Erbsen im Haus- und Kleingarten (2013, Archivkopie)
- RHS: How to grow peas
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschatz: Puffbohne (Stand 26.01.2024)
- RHS: How to grow cabbages
- USU Extension: How to Grow Cabbage in Your Garden
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschatz: Wirsing (Stand 31.01.2025)
- RHS: How to grow cauliflowers
- USU Extension: Broccoli in the Garden
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschätze: Rosenkohl (Stand 24.02.2023)
- RHS: How to grow kale
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschatz: Kohlrabi (Stand 27.02.2026)
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschatz: Chinakohl (Stand 26.07.2024)
- RHS: How to grow pak choi
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschatz: Steckrübe (Stand 26.09.2025)
- RHS: How to grow turnips
- Sächsische Gartenakademie (LfULG): Gartentipp März 2019 „Zeitige Gemüseaussaaten im Freiland“
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschätze: Schwarzer Winter-Rettich (Stand 27.10.2023)
- Sächsische Gartenakademie (LfULG): Anbau von Möhren im Haus- und Kleingarten (Redaktionsschluss 30.05.2013, Archivkopie)
- Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG): Pastinake (Infoschrift 2157)
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschatz: Petersilienwurzel (Stand 02.01.2026)
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Sellerie – von Knolle bis Stange (Stand 02.01.2026)
- LWG Veitshöchheim: Flyer „Rote Bete – Die vitaminreiche Zauberknolle“
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschatz: Schwarzwurzel (Stand 30.10.2025)
- Sächsische Gartenakademie (LfULG): Faltblatt „Zwiebeln“ (2006), Abschnitt Lauchzwiebeln
- RHS Grow your own: Shallots (Steckzwiebeln)
- University of Maryland Extension: Growing Onions in a Home Garden
- RHS: How to grow leeks
- RHS Grow your own: Lettuce
- LfULG Sachsen: Gartensalate – Anbau im Haus- und Kleingarten
- RHS Grow your own: Endive
- USU Extension: Chicory in the Garden
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschatz: Feldsalat (Stand 25.08.2023)
- Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG): Rucola – die Rauke, Infoschrift 2168
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschatz: Garten-Kresse (Stand 20.12.2024)
- RHS Grow your own: Spinach
- Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG): Mangold – ein uraltes Gemüse (Infoschrift 2155)
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschatz: Fenchel (Stand 28.04.2023)
- Bingenheimer Saatgut Blog: Grüne-Soße-Kräuter frisch vom Beet (2024)
- DLR Rheinland-Pfalz: Anbau- und Sortenhinweise Gemüsebau – Dill, Freiland (2024/2025)
- Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR): Anbau von Koriander (Coriandrum sativum) – Kulturanleitung
- DLR Rheinland-Pfalz (K. Mahler): Anbau- und Sortenhinweise für den Gemüseanbau – Schnittlauch: Freiland, Frischmarkt Schnitt, Treibballen (2024/2025)
- Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG), Merkblatt 2151: Basilikum
- Illinois Extension, Herb Gardening: Savory: Summer
- RHS Grow your own: Thyme
- RHS Grow your own: Oregano
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Sage – Key Growing Information
- RHS: How to grow mint
- Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft (LfL): Kulturanleitung für Zitronenmelisse (2001)
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Rosemary from Seed – Key Growing Information
- Utah State University Extension: English Lavender in the Garden
- Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR): Schnittblumen aus dem eigenen Garten (E. Morgenstern)
- Bundesverband Deutscher Gartenfreunde (BDG): Gartenschätze: Echte Kapuzinerkresse (Stand 31.05.2024)
- UW–Madison Extension: Sweet alyssum, Lobularia maritima
- Sächsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft: Zwischenfrüchte im ökologischen Landbau (2004), Artenbeschreibungen
- RHS: How to grow rhubarb
- RHS: How to grow asparagus
- RHS Grow your own: Globe artichokes
- Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR): Zierpflanzen und Gemüse selbst aus Samen anziehen?
- RHS: How to grow chilli peppers
- RHS: How to grow aubergines
- Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR Rheinpfalz): Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.), Merkblatt
- RHS: How to grow pumpkins
- Sächsische Gartenakademie (LfULG): Wenig bekannte Gemüsearten (3. Auflage 2017)
- Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR): Sichtschutzpflanzen für Balkon, Terrasse und Garten säen!
- Utah State University Extension: How to Grow Beans in Your Garden
- University of Maryland Extension: Growing Green Peas in a Home Garden
- ProSpecieRara: Angaben zur Pflanzenanzucht (PDF, Stand 14.12.2022)
- Colorado State University Extension, GardenNotes #720: Vegetable Planting Guide
- Bayerische Landesanstalt für Weinbau und Gartenbau (LWG): Pak Choi – Asiatische Gemüse-Power (Flyer)
- Utah State University Extension: How to Grow Rutabagas and Turnips in Your Garden
- USU Extension: How to Grow Radishes in Your Garden
- USU Extension: Carrots in the Garden
- USU Extension: Parsnips in the Garden
- Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen: Gartentipp „Warum blüht der Porree?“ (2003)
- Bayerische Gartenakademie (LWG): Jungpflanzen – selbst anziehen oder kaufen?, Merkblatt 2110 (Mai 2020)
- USU Extension: Lettuce in the Garden
- USU Extension: Spinach in the Garden
- LWG Veitshöchheim: Mangold (Flyer, o. J.)
- USU Extension: Fennel in the Garden
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Parsley – Key Growing Information
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Cilantro/Coriander – Key Growing Information
- RHS Grow your own: Savory
- Utah State University Extension: Calendula in the Garden
- Mississippi State University Extension: Marigolds (Tagetes erecta) for the Farmer Florist
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Nasturtium – Key Growing Information
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Alyssum – Key Growing Information
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Phacelia – Key Growing Information
- SARE: Managing Cover Crops Profitably, 3rd ed. – Brassicas and Mustards
- Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR): Artischocken (Cynara scolymus)
- USU Extension: How to Grow Cucumber in Your Garden
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Scarlet Runner Bean – Key Growing Information
- USU Extension: How to Grow Peas in Your Garden
- RHS: How to grow Chinese cabbage
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Celery and Celeriac – Key Growing Information
- Utah State University Extension: How to Grow Onions in Your Garden
- USU Extension: Shallots in the Garden
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Arugula – Key Growing Information
- Gartenakademie Rheinland-Pfalz (DLR): Immer Ärger mit der Petersilie?
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Summer Savory – Key Growing Information
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Thyme – Key Growing Information
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Greek Oregano – Key Growing Information
- RHS: How to grow sage
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Mint – Key Growing Information
- RHS Grow your own: Lemon balm
- Johnny's Selected Seeds: Borage – Key Growing Information
- UW–Madison Extension Horticulture: Calendula, Calendula officinalis
- SARE, Managing Cover Crops Profitably: Buckwheat
- LWG Veitshöchheim: Artischocke (Flyer, o. J.)
- Cornell Garden-Based Learning: Indoor Vegetable Seed Starting (Factsheet, 2015)
Retrieved on 26 October 2026. Facts in our own words, one source per value.
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